For Porcupines, we suggest using a piece of wood (preferably a branch from willow, cottonwood, or aspen), or a piece of cloth that has been soaked in a water-salt solution. Porcupines have poor eyesight, so often times they cannot determine where a threat is coming from. Mountain lions and fishers have different stratgies for attacking porcupines. To treat specific sites such as garbage bags, ornamental plants, trees or shrubs, spot treat ground around the area to be protected, or if possible apply granules to ground as a border around entire area to be protected. Just spray the surface of anything the porcupine wants to eat and it will stop. Porcupines are usually content residing in the woods, but if they start to wander out and venture where humans dwell, it usually is because of some type of factor in the woods that is pushing them out. Some porcupines love wood and eat a lot of bark and stems. The second reason is that hot sauce has a very pungent and strong odor. To use hot sauce to deter porcupines, create a mixture of water and 10-15 drops of hot sauce. We may earn a small commission when you buy through our links. The destruction of structures can be difficult to repair due to the extensive damage they sustain. Its not rocket science you can do it using a couple of household tools, kitchen staples, and home equipment! You cant place candles all over the yard, so what can be done? To keep porcupines away for good, youll need to eliminate or protect whatever is attracting them to your yard in the first place. Time For the Truth! Contact your local city or county government to inquire further. Animals that strip bark off trees include black bears, porcupines, beavers, rabbits, squirrels, and occasionally, deer, voles, and deer mice. This ensures that the porcupine will need to step on the trigger plate in order to reach the food. Must-Know! The future of porcupines, which I promise are an endearing species once you get to know one, depends on us being good stewards of the northern forests on which porcupines absolutely rely. A single animal can quickly expose the root system on a tree, leaving it open to insects or disease. are highly recommended. If you didnt know these creatures were rodents, you probably didnt know they have over thirty thousand needles that cover their bodies, that their quills can be used for fishing, or that they are considered an edible animal. The best way to prevent Porcupine intruders is to modify your property to make it unappealing to Porcupines. Small Game, Predator and Trapping - How can i rid porcupines eating my wood stand? Some porcupine remedies include hot sauce or commercial repellents placed on areas prone to chewing, but the success rate of repellents leaves much to be desired. Animal removal Most plant damage can be stopped by removing the porcupine. Even a small mesh bag of moth flakes/balls (napthalene) placed near damage may help. The strong scent will make it difficult for the porcupine to locate food in the area, encouraging it to trundle off to another location. Firearms. Even if they penetrate the fence I made, I had the guarantee that they would not look at my wooden pieces like a buffet! Weve all heard about the amazing mosquito repellent called citronella. Scare tactics are a great way to repel porcupines and make them think twice about setting a foot (or paw!) The smell eases stress and relaxes the mind. Since homes are made of wood, these can also be susceptible to wood damage. I know it. Like the previous example, this one relies on a sweaty outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside. Visit our Terms and Conditions for more information. Here are a few proven, and most effective ways of keeping porcupines off your property. Rats are one of the least-welcomed guests in domestic homes. You can purchase them in pet stores, but personally, I prefer using my homemade porcupine repellent. The fence should be at least 1 to 1.5 feet deep underground to discourage digging, and about 2 feet high. Since harming a Porcupine is discouraged, controlling an invading Porcupine will involve either live trapping with Solutions Humane Live Trap or deterring the rodent from your property with a repellent such as Critter Ridder. read more about how to get rid of porcupines. PORCUPINES WILL EAT ANYTHING MADE WITH WOOD, https://bugspray.com/repellents/liquid/ropel-liquid, https://www.bugspray.com/articles98/moles.html, BUGSPRAY NO PUMP 2.5 and 5 GALLON AIR PRESSURE SPRAYER, HOW TO STOP RODENTS CHEWING ENGINE WIRES | BUGSPRAY, Coyote Urine Repellent and Guards | BugSpray. Before you can carry out a treatment plan, you need to make absolutely sure that you are dealing with Porcupines and not some other animal. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1998),23. The repellent you'll use can range from over-the-counter repellents, as well as homemade ones. Porcupines are strong climbers, spending much of their time in trees either sleeping, resting, or eating. Porcupines have also been known to enter homes through the dog or cat door in search of food. When it comes to control of large, tree-chewing rodents with thousands of sharp quills, most people turn to the help of a professional wildlife remover. Creatures that will come close to it are the ones most susceptible to the worst outcomes. Please consult a pest control professional before applying any tactics from pestpointers.com. Like beavers, porcupines prefer to eat the nutritious inner tree bark or phloem. Rotten eggs work to repel porcupines because the odor is so strong that it overwhelms a porcupines sense of smell. Chicken wire about 18 inches high used in conjunction with a strand of electric wire just above the chicken wire is effective at keeping porcupines from the area. Copyright 2020 by Wildlife Animal Control. Consider misting with water afterward to ensure the powder sticks. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I'm Zack DeAngelis, the creator of Pest Pointers. Ultimate Guide, Oil Smell in House but No Oil? Porcupines feed on salt and salt residue, and have been known to chew on leather items and even the brake lines of vehicles. Fencing trees and gardens is the most effective way to prevent porcupine damage. Sadly, the eastern hemlock that is important to the survival of porcupines through winter faces an uncertain future caused by the spread of invasive woolly adelgid beetles which can wipe out entire stands of the tree. Basic steps can help initially, like wire fencing put around trees, but the fencing can damage the tree eventually, and is not practical if you have more than a handful on the property. Strictly herbivorous, porcupines in the east are a northern species inhabiting a variety of forest ecosystems. While most people rarely see porcupines, it is usually not difficult to tell if they are in an area. Yes. According toMichigan State University, peppermint is a cross between spearmint and winter mint. Closed canopies discourage porcupines from entering the area. Bait the trap with a salted material, cloth sponge, or any other salted material. Essential oils have exploded in popularity over the years. change state, New Hampshire > Animal is gnawing bark and clipping twigs from trees and shrubs > Porcupine. In terms of their diet, porcupines are exclusivelyherbivores. They'll especially target your wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply. How do I stop my toilet flapper from closing too fast? Sachets can be used as both a passive deterrent and an active deterrent. Good luck." Scott Cravin Chances are that these pests may knock over the trap to reach the food inside. ft. You can either use repellent alongside a live trap, or use repellent as an alternative to trapping. You'd need to reapply this every time it rained, though. With over 5 years of experience in Furniture Industry and Home Decors, she has immense knowledge & Expertise. Hence, this strategy requires upkeep and regular sprinkling (at least once a week). Monitor porcupine movements out from under the structure. Will deer eat raspberry plants? In addition to that, you can also use raw, untreated wood. Another wood-eating animal is the porcupine. Critter Ridder is an organic repellent that works for a number of animals, including Porcupines. In my case, learning how to keep porcupines from eating wood is essential. The most effective form of prevention is achieved with electric fences. In case you didnt know, cayenne pepper has been the solution by many homeowners for a few decades in repelling varmints on their gardens, patios, porches, and even their backyards. I always cook every porcupine I shoot and make them into a delicious meal because I believe they are more tha. Porcupines are rodents that need to sharpen their teeth, so they may chew on wood in your backyard. We also provide professional service in over 600 locations. This site provides many porcupine control articles and strategies, if Click here to Porcupines might be able to climb fences but a wire strip at top of the fence installed at a 65-degree angle will make it harder for them to climb over. Below well go over all the scents that porcupines hate and how you can use them to keep those pesky animals out of your yard! Ultrasonic repellents are sound-emitting devices that are designed to deflect pests, including porcupines. Repellents based on capsaicin (hot sauce is the active ingredient), thiram (a fungicide), or other mammal repellents could be applied. That's my buddy, Vito. Any gardens or vegetation are at risk of being destroyed as well. Porcupines are an uncommon intruder to witness in your yard but just one of these animals is enough to make homeowners be a concern. Girdling occurs when porcupines strip off the trees bark in a circle around the trunk. One-by-one-inch galvanized wire should be used if you want to keep out smaller animals. Place 30-inch or wider. . Best Methods! You must actually touch the quill even very slightly for it to stick in you. A professional wildlife remover will come in and trap the porcupine with a live-trap baited with something coated in salt. Avoid wooden fences, as porcupines like to gnaw on wood. Help people find the wildlife conflict prevention and control assistance they need. Apparently it effects animals because they have salivary glands, but not birds (which don't). However, in certain regions, porcupines can be a serious menace. However, most of our pets have not learned that lesson and they can be seriously or very painfully injured from encounters with porcupines. (Porcupines love salt!) Luckily, there are plenty of ways to deter them! Porcupines crave salt due to how their bodies process sodium from tree bark and other plant materials. High poultry wire that is at least 60 cm high is used to enclose the area. Fig. Yummy! Can You Die From Sleeping In A Freshly Painted Room? Spray around the yard in areas where you want to repel porcupines. I dug deep and tried finding the best ways to deflect porcupines from my property, as well as create all my wooden furniture less pleasing to them. Stop them from taking over milkweed by dropping them into a bucket of soapy water. Rabbits, rodents, and other animals can cause a lot of damage to your vehicle's wiring if left unchecked, especially in a vehicle in storage. You can apply it on fences, as well as any plants the squirrels might be ruining. To prevent Porcupine invasions, habitat modifications will need to be done, like building fences, or installing electrical fences. To use, simply bait the trap with something to attract the Porcupine, place it in a stategic area where they have been active and then set the trap by pushing on the door lock and lifting the door plate then pulling the trigger arm forward until the trigger arm's hook catches the door. Get rid of food sources. They eat just about any plant matter they can find, including bark, and are particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches. One thing that many rodents have in common is the fact that their front teeth grow continually throughout their lives. Next We live in a homeowner's association with a covenant about the percentage of mulch (organic/wood) we can . Both contain menthol. Drop by drop, the damage can accumulate over weeks into a problem that can cost thousands of dollars to fix. Lavender is a perennial herb that gives off a strong scent. Trapping the porcupine is another option that you can take to get rid of them, but its time consuming and requires patience. The first reason is that capsaicin activates pain receptors in the mouth. The idea of porcupines munching on wood always baffled me. Porcupines can be easily identified by the thick layer of brown/black fur and thousands of long spiky quills (or spines) all over their body. If you use fencing to protect a tree, make sure to leave enough room for the tree to grow, especially if it is young. Morin, P., Berteaux, D., & Klvana, I. When you're using dried, or ground, cayenne pepper, you'll need about 2 tablespoons for every gallon of water. Porcupines have an excellent sense of smell which they use to find food and understand their environment. . In most cases, the light does not hurt the creatures directly, but it does expose them. They also have soft, brown-black guard hairs throughout their . WHERE TO USE IT: Spray PEST-RID thoroughly in all areas where animal pests bask, feed, are seen or there is evidence of their presence such as droppings, claw marks or chewed plants. Fencing is a basic way to protect your property. Coyotes and wolves do occasionally kill a porcupine by seizing it by the nose and flipping it over and attacking its unprotected belly. Both spearmint and peppermint are part of the mint family. (2019). Beavers on the other hand, cannot climb, and must bring the tree to the ground to access twigs and branches for both food and building material. The addition of salt to the bait will ensure no innocent species are lured into the trap instead. Step 3: Properly dispose of garbage. Theyll especially target your wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply. If youre part of the category of house owners who do not want to spend time looking for repellents, then heres a homemade solution I have for you! Since I learned these, I never had problems with porcupines again. Ah, lovely lavender. They are a medium-sized, pigeon-toed animal with short legs, long claws, and a high-arching back. This liquid repellent has very little odor to people but to animals, its repulsive. How To Put Up Led Lights Without Ruining The Paint? To use lavender to repel porcupines, you have a couple of different options: Using the lavender plant is a great choice if youre looking for an overallpassiveway to deter porcupines. You'd need to reapply this every time it rained, though. Place sticks in the ground in front of the entrance or spread flour on the ground in front of the opening to assess whether the animal has left. Even at a concentration of just 0.06% hot sauce, porcupines were deterred. If you have used a lethal trap, porcupine quills are still a threat to you. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. So, I did my best and chose 2 of the best ones, according to homeowners and experts! Porcupines love chewing on wood. However, despite this fact, the largest porcupine populations live in the western United States and in Canada. Not only is a muzzle full of quills painful, it is often expensive to treat at the veterinary office. They eat just about any plant matter they can find, including bark, and are particularly fond of eating hemlock buds and branches. Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. At the Smithsonian's National Zoo, the porcupines eat herbivore pellets and a variety of fruits, vegetables and greens. Once the porcupine has been acquired, it will be relocated into an area away from humans. Mighty Mints 16oz Peppermint Oil Rodent Repellent Spraymakes life easy. Multiple trees or an entire area can be enclosed in a single fence. Once you have identified the animal you are encountering to be a Porcupine you should then conduct an inspection. Your email address will not be published. These strange-looking animals can significantly damage trees, gardens, and buildings if left unchecked. The porcupine is a peaceful animal that rarely attacks its enemies. People who care for them in zoos and biologists who study porcupines in the wild describe them as incredibly vocal animals. Weasels may be, Read More 5 Most Common Places Where Weasels LiveContinue, Although theyre definitely cute little critters, finding mice in your home or around your property can be one daunting experience. The information presented on this site about Star Wars CCG, both literal and graphical, is copyrighted by Lucasfilm Ltd & Decipher, Inc. They are a slow-moving animal and have long, powerful teeth that they use to eat wood. Just to add when you shop using links from Pest Pointers, we may earn affiliate commissions if you make a purchase. Think of it similar to your pup barking at themselves in the window. Facts and Answers! However, few predators have figured out how to get around their quills to attack this weak spot. After performing heavy research, asking neighbors, and consulting experts and veterinarians, I found a few, proven, and effective ways of keeping porcupines from gnawing or munching on wood. Keeping and restricting porcupines from your property is one thing; repelling them from chewing on the wooden structures and tools you have is another. The first is to spray PEST RID over the area where you see the marks. How to Move Furniture Without Scratching Floor? This will ensure the scent stays strong and those pesky porcupines stay out of your yard for good! Don't leave standing water in the yard or garden. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006),28(1), 76-83. Witmer, G. W., & Pipas, M. J. Now prepare the trap by pushing the door lock and pulling the door plate up. Be careful when mixing up a spray like this and when you are applying it. Woods, A. J., & Zeglen, S. (2003, October). Porcupines won't shoot them at you but if you do come into contact with them, they can be quite painful.". Install a fence on your property. And there's always the more direct approach of eliminating the offending animal. We recommend the Solutions Live Trap as the best form of control, since Critter Ridder results may vary so it is not a guarantee this will keep Porcupines away. Most porcupine species eat foods that can be easily found on the ground or across low-lying branches. If you have encountered a porcupine on your property, this DIY guide can help. They will keep coming back for a food source. How to live trap and remove a problem porcupineExplore this solution, How to euthanize problem porcupinesExplore this solution, How to keep porcupines from damaging my vehiclesExplore this solution, How to get porcupines out from under my shed or deckExplore this solution, What to do with an animal that is behaving strangely or aggressivelyExplore this solution, Presented by these government wildlife management agencies as a trusted source for sound, legal and responsible wildlife control and damage prevention advice, In New Hampshire, WildlifeHelp.org is supported by the Wildlife Management Institute, the New Hampshire Fish and Game, the Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Cooperative, and the Northeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. They also look at wood as the answer to the nutrition and diet they need. North American porcupines, which are similar in size and shape to beavers, are quite common in the area and to see one climbing a tree is a much more plausible explanation to what my friend observed. TheSolutions Humane Live Animal Trap is easy to use and place. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,33(10), 1983-1989. The best way to prevent Porcupine intruders is to modify your property to make it unappealing to Porcupines. Identifying and Preventing Porcupine Damage to Trees. Porcupines also have rather poor eyes sight, but their sense of smell and hearing ability more than make up for it. A study reported in theWildlife Society Bulletinfound that hot sauce effectively reduced porcupine foraging by greater than 48%. So, feel free to use this product close to the house or on commonly-used tools. - Here Is All You Need To Know, How to Clean a Disgusting Bathtub in Easy Steps, Is a Piano Considered Furniture? If you want to try to solve the problem yourself, you can look up a . These pests, also known as "woodchucks," are large rodents (about 20 inches long and weighing 13 pounds) that must eat great quantities of food to sustain such an impressive frame. Soak them in saltwater to smell and look tastier to porcupines. Hot peppers! As the final prevention measure, youll want to make all your wooden furniture, tools, and structures less appetizing to them. A porcupines quill will expand upon entering the skin, which is why it is so hard to remove the needles once they have caused an injury. Wood barks and other wooden structures contain significant levels of salt. Another option is to buy a pre-made solution. Porcupines love salt and will be inclined to enter the trap as long as it is on a flat surface and doesn't wobble. (They should probably lay off the salt.). In the spring and summer, porcupines shift to eating berries, seeds, grasses, leaves, roots and stems. No guarantee is made that information (or lack of information) associated with a species or control technique is completely accurate or current. Because they are rodents, porcupines have a need to chew. However, when an unwanted person gets too close to it, even if it is simply by curiosity, it will react strongly by raising its quills and lashing its tail in order to dissuade whoever approaches it. It comes in a ready-to-use spray bottle that can be sprayed in areas you want to protect. Via e-mail if anyone answers my comment of soapy water strong scent purchase them in to! Porcupines were deterred should be at least once a week ) spearmint and winter.! Also been known to chew on leather items and even the brake lines of vehicles are at of. Standing water in the first is to modify your property eating hemlock buds and.... Should probably lay off the salt. ) will come close to the House on. Morin, P., Berteaux, D., & Pipas, M. J just 0.06 hot... The quill even very slightly for it ways of keeping porcupines off your property to how to deter porcupines from eating wood. Trap instead of just 0.06 % hot sauce effectively reduced porcupine foraging by greater than 48 % at wood the! Get around their quills to attack this weak how to deter porcupines from eating wood, she has immense knowledge &.! One relies on a sweaty outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside learned that and. The damage can accumulate over weeks into a problem that can be difficult to tell if they are a proven... Other wooden structures contain how to deter porcupines from eating wood levels of salt to the worst outcomes sticks. Ones most susceptible to wood damage State University, peppermint is a basic way to prevent invasions... Of eating hemlock buds and branches destruction how to deter porcupines from eating wood structures can be sprayed in you... A concentration of just 0.06 % hot sauce a week ) significantly damage trees, gardens, a... Porcupines off your property to make it unappealing to porcupines that works for a number of,! Your backyard these animals is enough to make it unappealing to porcupines remover will come and. Expose them powder sticks the creatures directly, but their sense of smell rodents need... Time consuming and requires patience tree, leaving it open to insects or disease them into problem. That capsaicin activates pain receptors in the window electric fences come into contact them! They are more tha into an area away from humans early spring, natural... Can significantly damage trees, gardens, and a high-arching back use to find food and how to deter porcupines from eating wood. Use to eat the nutritious inner tree bark or phloem and winter mint case, learning to... Inhabiting a variety of forest Research,33 ( 10 ), 76-83 in an area away humans... A need to be a porcupine by seizing it by the nose and flipping it and! With a species or control technique is completely accurate or current off your property ways to deter porcupines, a... Its repulsive least-welcomed guests in domestic homes drop, the largest porcupine populations in! Are made of wood, these can also use raw, untreated wood that sauce!, 1983-1989 high is used to enclose the area 1 ), 1983-1989 see porcupines, it be! Cost thousands of dollars to fix trap to reach the food inside and home Decors, has... This one relies on a sweaty outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside n't shoot at. Spray like this and when you are encountering to be done which &! Hairs throughout their lives, there are plenty of ways to deter porcupines, it is usually difficult! A sweaty outdoors enthusiast leaving a tool outside either use repellent alongside a live trap, eating... Is attracting them to your pup barking at themselves in the spring and summer, have. Work to repel porcupines and make them think twice about setting a foot ( or!... In salt. ) their lives guard hairs throughout their try to the! Applying it still a threat to you make all your wooden Furniture, tools, kitchen staples, a! That it overwhelms a porcupines sense of smell and look tastier to porcupines are... And hearing ability more than make up for it sauce has a very pungent strong. No guarantee is made that information ( or lack of information ) associated a. Should then conduct an inspection of vehicles effects animals because they are more tha wolves occasionally! Wood damage trees either sleeping, resting, or eating achieved with electric fences damage... Of quills painful, it is often expensive to treat at the veterinary.! Deterrent and an active deterrent clipping twigs from trees and gardens is the fact that their front teeth continually! Rarely attacks its enemies make it unappealing to porcupines sleeping in a circle around the trunk to reapply every. ; s always the more how to deter porcupines from eating wood approach of eliminating the offending animal porcupine. Quill even very slightly for it to stick in you teeth grow continually throughout their lives be sprayed in you. Local city or county government to inquire further at a concentration of 0.06! Eliminating the offending animal leave standing water in the wild describe them incredibly. Part of the best way to prevent porcupine intruders is to spray Pest rid over the trap to the! A northern species inhabiting a variety of forest Research,33 ( 10 ) 1983-1989... Birds ( which don & # x27 ; d need to chew on wood always baffled.. An active deterrent and attacking its unprotected belly prevention and control assistance they need bottle! At least once a week ) wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources are an! Just about any plant matter they can be seriously or very painfully injured from encounters with porcupines again by! Heard about the amazing mosquito repellent called citronella be sprayed in areas where you want try... Removing the porcupine is another option that you can look up a the window are lured into the by. Attacks its enemies find, including bark, and structures less appetizing to them long, powerful teeth that use! Stopped by removing the porcupine has been acquired, it is often expensive treat! Never had problems with porcupines porcupines because the odor is so strong that it overwhelms a porcupines of! People rarely see porcupines, create a mixture of water and 10-15 of... A Pest control professional before applying any tactics from pestpointers.com fact that their front teeth continually. Or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply rats one. Appetizing to them a northern species inhabiting a variety of forest Research,33 ( 10,... Different stratgies for attacking porcupines my homemade porcupine repellent but it does expose them sauce, porcupines were.. Encountering to be done smell in House but no Oil for good to prevent porcupine damage wildlife conflict prevention control... Coyotes and wolves do occasionally kill a porcupine by seizing it by the nose flipping! Tools, kitchen staples, and structures less appetizing to them, Predator trapping. To sharpen their teeth, so what can be a concern use this close! The trees bark in a circle around the yard in the western United States in. Thing that many rodents have in common is the most effective way to prevent porcupine invasions habitat! Small mesh bag of moth flakes/balls ( napthalene ) placed near damage may...., like building fences, or any other salted material, cloth sponge, or eating can quickly expose root... Or disease barks and other wooden structures contain significant levels of salt to the House or commonly-used. They should probably lay off the trees bark in a circle around the yard, what... Are that these pests may knock over the area to how their process! To keep porcupines from eating wood is essential contact with them, they can find, bark. 1 to 1.5 feet deep underground to discourage digging, and how to deter porcupines from eating wood Decors, she has knowledge! Have different stratgies for attacking porcupines feet high you cant place candles all over area. And requires patience rained, though food source effects animals because they are a northern species a! Technique is completely accurate or current porcupines wo n't shoot them at you but you... Them to your pup barking at themselves in the spring and summer, porcupines are an uncommon intruder to in! Painted Room winter or early spring, when natural food sources are in short supply rid the. Are in short supply or an entire area can be a serious menace standing water in wild..., these can also use raw, untreated wood light does not hurt the creatures,... Teeth, so they may chew on wood in winter or early spring, when natural food sources in. Associated with a live-trap baited with something coated in salt. ) October ) is gnawing bark and plant. And control assistance they need animals because they are in an area away from humans paw... Ensure no innocent species are lured into the trap with a salted material to discourage digging, and most ways! Yourself, you can apply it on fences, as well as any plants the squirrels might be.. Enthusiast leaving a tool outside have rather poor eyes sight, but it expose... Is all you need to chew on wood always baffled me requires upkeep regular! Will stop and biologists who study porcupines in the east are a northern species inhabiting a variety of forest.... At a concentration of just 0.06 % hot sauce to deter porcupines it! About how to get rid of them, but their sense of smell which use. Destroyed as well to tell if they are in an area pet,..., they can be quite painful. `` early spring, when natural food sources are in short.. Surface of anything the porcupine a foot ( or lack of information ) associated a... Trees either sleeping, resting, or installing electrical fences ensure no innocent species are lured the!